23（3）Rock Art of the Australia Aborigines

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建议做题时间 20分钟

Agriculture and fishing formed the primary sector of the economy in the Netherlands in the seventeenth century. Dutch agriculture was modernized and commercialized new crops and agricultural techniques raised levels of production so that they were in line with market demands, and cheap grain was imported annually from the Baltic region in large quantities. According to estimates, about 120,000 tons of imported grain fed about 600,000 people: that is about a third of the Dutch population. Importing the grain, which would have been expensive and time consuming for the Dutch to have produced themselves, kept the price of grain low and thus stimulated individual demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods.

Apart from this, being able to give up labor-intensive grain production freed both the land and the workforce for more productive agricultural divisions. The peasants specialized in livestock husbandry and dairy farming as well as in cultivating industrial crops and fodder crops: flax, madder, and rape were grown, as were tobacco, hops, and turnips. These products were bought mostly by urban businesses. There was also a demand among urban consumers for dairy products such as butter and cheese, which, in the sixteenth century, had become more expensive than grain. The high prices encouraged the peasants to improve their animal husbandry techniques; for example, they began feeding their animals indoors in order to raise the milk yield of their cows.

In addition to dairy farming and cultivating industrial crops, a third sector of the Dutch economy reflected the way in which agriculture was being modernized-horticulture. In the sixteenth century, fruit and vegetables were to be found only in gardens belonging to wealthy people. This changed in the early part of the seventeenth century when horticulture became accepted as an agricultural sector. Whole villages began to cultivate fruit and vegetables. The produce was then transported by water to markets in the cities, where the consumption of fruit and vegetables was no longer restricted to the wealthy.

As the demand for agricultural produce from both consumers and industry increased, agricultural land became more valuable and people tried to work the available land more intensively and to reclaim more land from wetlands and lakes. In order to increase production on existing land, the peasants made more use of crop rotation and, in particular, began to apply animal waste to the soil regularly, rather than leaving the fertilization process up to the grazing livestock. For the first time industrial waste, such as ash from the soap-boilers, was collected in the cities and sold in the country as artificial fertilizer. The increased yield and price of land justified reclaiming and draining even more land.

The Dutch battle against the sea is legendary. Noorderkwartier in Holland, with its numerous lakes and stretches of water, was particularly suitable for land reclamation and one of the biggest projects undertaken there was the draining of the Beemster lake which began in 1608. The richest merchants in Amsterdam contributed money to reclaim a good 7,100 hectares of land. Forty-three windmills powered the drainage pumps so that they were able to lease the reclamation to farmers as early as 1612, with the investors receiving annual leasing payments at an interest rate of 17 percent. Land reclamation continued, and between 1590 and 1665, almost 100,000 hectares were reclaimed from the wetland areas of Holland, Zeeland, and Friesland. However, land reclamation decreased significantly after the middle of the seventeenth century because the price of agricultural products began to fall, making land reclamation far less profitable in the second part of the century.

Dutch agriculture was finally affected by the general agricultural crisis in Europe during the last two decades of the seventeenth century. However, what is astonishing about this is not that Dutch agriculture was affected by critical phenomena such as a decrease in sales and production, but the fact that the crisis appeared only relatively late in Dutch agriculture. In Europe as a whole, the exceptional reduction in the population and the related fall in demand for grain since the beginning of the seventeenth century had caused the price of agricultural products to fall. Dutch peasants were able to remain unaffected by this crisis for a long time because they had specialized in dairy farming industrial crops, and horticulture. However, toward the end of the seventeenth century, they too were overtaken by the general agricultural crisis.

题目

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雷哥托福原创答案解析

1）词汇题，正确答案是B

A：令人疑惑的

B：不同寻常的，罕见的

C:质疑的，有疑问的

D：没有记载的

2）细节题，正确答案是D

根据题干意思定位到句子”“，快速选出答案D

选项A,B,C原文都未提及，所以不选。

3）词汇题，正确答案是B

A：完全地

B：相对地，相比较地

C：明显地

D：特别地

4）词汇题，正确答案是C

A：表明，指示，指出

B：应用，利用

C：辨别，

D：重复

5）词汇题，正确答案是D

A：修改

B：讨论

C：挑战

D：改变

6）句子简化题，正确答案是B

首先分析句子主干--the frequency has led person to adapt a term-the panaramitee style.然后后面接着的是一个解释说明label的定语从句1，和非限制性定语从句修饰pavements.主干句子有一个因果的逻辑关系，所以，我们可以首先排除选项A和D下面我们来分析下选项。

A：文章并未提及这层比较的逻辑关系，排除。

B：选项有一个因果关系--因为motifs are common in sites，所以the term Panaramitee style 成为了the general term for rock art of this type，这个意思和原文原句就是同义转换，正确。

C：选项错误，主干的主体错误。

D：错误，选项D的主干是The motifs组成了澳大利亚最古老的岩石艺术，和原句没有半点关系，错误。

7）细节题，正确答案是C

根据题干意思定位到“In order to create a sense of structure to this picture, researchers have relied on a distinction that still underlies the forms of much indigenous visual culture—a distinction between geometric and figurative elements. .”，可以快速选出正确答案。

选择A,B,D原文未提及，排除。

8）否定细节题，正确答案是A

根据题干意思定位到句子Certain features of these engravings lead to the conclusion that they are of great age—geological changes had clearly happened after the designs had been made and local Aboriginal informants, when first questioned about them, seemed to know nothing of their origins. Furthermore, the designs were covered with “desert varnish,” a glaze that develops on rock surfaces over thousands of years of exposure to the elements. ，可以确认答案B,C,D都是原文提及的，不选，选项A原文并未提及，排除。

9）修辞目的题，正确答案是A

根据原文句子Indeed, sites with engravings of geometric shapes are also to be found on the island of Tasmania, which was separated from the mainland of the continent some 10,000 years ago.前文有提及到这种艺术出现在澳大利亚是非常普遍的现象，然后段尾句子又说明了在这个Tasmania上也出现过，并且还提及到了时间，这些都是可以做为证据支撑作者意图，就是说明这个艺术传播广且历史悠久，所以，答案A最合适。

B：选项B文章也并未传达到这样的信息，排除

C：选项意思后面说这个Tasmania是多久从mainland分离出去，原文更是未提及。

D：选项D的意思是为了给Tasmania上的游客说明岩石艺术的重要性，原文并未提及到或传达到，排除。

10）细节题，正确答案是A

根据题干意思定位到句子omplex figurative styles that, unlike the pan-Australian geometric tradition, tended to much greater regional diversity，可以正确选出答案A

A：选项A的意思就是原文句子的同义转换，正确

B,C,D原文未提及，错误。

11，细节题，正确答案是D

根据题干意思定位到原文Lesley Maynard, the archaeologist who coined the phrase “Panaramitee style,” suggested that a sequence could be determined for Australian rock art, in which a geometric style gave way to a simple figurative style (outlines of figures and animals), followed by a range of complex figurative styles that, unlike the pan-Australian geometric tradition, tended to much greater regional diversity. ，可以选出正确答案还D

选项A,B,C原文未提及，排除。

12）修辞目的题，正确答案是C

原文段落提及到了岩画图案由简到复杂的一个风格形式，后面原文while转折是一个关键词，后文说的应该和前文有不同，根据原文句子While accepting that this sequence fits the archaeological profile of those sites, which were occupied continuously over many thousands of years a number of writers have warned that the underlying assumption of such a sequence—a development from the simple and the geometric to the complex and naturalistic—obscures the cultural continuities in Aboriginal Australia, in which geometric symbolism remains fundamentally important.文章说这个图案顺序形式模糊了 the cultural continuities，后面文章也举例支撑了这个观点，所以正确答案是C

选项A,C,D文章都未提及到这样的信息，排除。

13）插入题，正确答案是A

原文给到的句子的关键词是“these questions”，根据关键词提示，在承前启后的原则下，前文一定是有提及到这些个问题，所以，回到原文，我们发现放在位子A是最合适的，需插入的句子提及到的information刚好后文也说明了一些information，整个都承接到上文，又能过渡到后文，所以，答案是A

14）总结题，正确答案是BCE

A：选项A描述错误，原文段落1提及到but since the late nineteenth century, awareness of the extent and variety of Australian rock art has been growing. 用词fail错误，即使整个描述正确，也只是一个细节。

B：选项对应原文第四段首句，是段落4的主旨概括，正确.

C：选项C是原文第四段和第五段结尾句的总结概括，正确.

D：选项D说made little distinction用词“little”与原文句子有点相悖，原文说的是a distinction between geometric and figurative elements，所以，不选。

E：选项E是段落5的总结概括，段落说到了关于岩画图案形式的一个变化，正确.

F：选项F与原文第四段eological changes had clearly happened after the designs had been made and local Aboriginal informants, when first questioned about them, seemed to know nothing of their origins.意思相悖，错误。

F：选项F文章未提及，错误。

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