TPO 13 Types of Social Groups（社会科学--社会）

字数：730

建议做题时间：20分钟

Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people.Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction—and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.

People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.

Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.

A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them. Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests.

Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.

Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is.

Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from our behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them.

题目

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答案解析

1. 词汇题

解析：complex复杂的，首先排除CD，A精美的也不对，B精心制作的、复杂的、详尽的，选B

2. 事实信息题

解析：A原文说的是other people，并不代表many。B原文没说到studied相关内容。C原文没说demand。D对，原文说联系continues long enough变稳定了就叫relationship，所以是D中所说的慢慢发展

3. 词汇题

解析：原句说“只是与其他人合作来达到某种结果，不需要endowing该关系以更大的重要性”，猜测是“给与”的意思，选C。Endow, 赋予

4. 推断题

解析：根据instrumental ties, competitors定位到倒数1-3句，说明instrumental ties是怎样的一种关系，然后后两句进一步说明这种关系是与人合作而非对抗、彼此合作也只是利益关系，所以有可能通常情况下不合作的人也会为了some goal/some end而进行合作，A对。BCD与原文相反

5. 事实信息题

解析：primary是直接、亲密的关系，secondary是非个人的、为了实际目的而形成的关系，C对

6. 推断题

解析：根据evolve定位到倒数第1-3句，最后一句说明因为分享八卦、玩笑等，同事这种secondary relationship也能发展成亲密关系，选D

7. 词汇题

解析：size up根据字面意思理解，尺寸向上，那应该是变大，容易错选A。本句说面对面的接触允许我们size up其他人，后句说与其他人近距离交谈能够交流思想和感受。enlarge明显不对。CD也不符合情景。Size up估计...的大小，选B

8. 句子简化题

解析：原句结构为sociologists认为primary groups是什么，因为primary group怎么怎么样。A缺失很多信息。BD缺失因为部分的一些信息，C对

9. 文章结构题

解析：原文首先说明人与人之间存在关系，接着说明关系可以分成两类，区分了两类关系的差异，之后几段重点着墨于primary groups。A对比理论和实际情况，原文没说。B两个相反的理论，并非相反，只是两个分类。C作者定义了这两类，并且举例详细说明。D原文没有说到原因和影响。选C

10. 词汇题

解析：原句说如果奖励不行，成员可以排斥威胁哪些deviate规则的人，所以deviate应该是“不遵守”的意思，A减损、转移，B前进，C选择，D离开、偏离，D最接近。

11. 事实信息题

解析：根据shunning定位到For instance...这句，说明是个例子，那论点应该在前面，前句说如果奖励不行，成员可以排斥威胁哪些不守规则的人，而例子就说其他人通过回避的方式来疏远不守规则的人，所以是为了A强化被group接受的行为。B原文没说offending。C原文没说奖励其他成员。D原文没说传递给下一代的行为准则

12. 句子插入题

解析：插入句说for example，说明是前文论点的一个例子，而这个例子的内容是不独居的人比起独居的人更健康，是两种情况的对比。A前后句联系紧密，B前companionship, ...well-being与healthier life对应，选B。C前后联系紧密。

13. 事实信息题

解析：第3段4-5两句分别对应E和D，这两个答案属于secondary。第2段和第3段的第3句对应F，第3段第2句对应G，最后一段3-4句对应A。

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